Parrot cichlids – to be cherished or avoided?



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Few tropical fish stir up as much emotion as the Parrot cichlid, says Jeremy Gay. But should they be avoided?



I remember the first time I saw a Parrot cichlid. It was in an advertisement in PFK in 1993, in which some apricot-coloured cichlids were displayed in a rather fine looking Juwel Lido aquarium.

I didn’t know what they were back then. They were new, weren’t in any fishkeeping books and the Internet wasn’t around yet.



Soon afterwards I saw these chunky looking, but cute cichlids, cruising up and down a furnished 120cm/48" aquarium and carrying a price tag of more than £200 for the pair.

First impressions? I liked them. I’ve always liked stocky, deep-bodied fish and this was the start of a love affair with cichlids that would continue to this day. I was a teenager at the time and although I would not be able to afford them back then, I could still daydream about the sort of set-up that I would keep them in.



At the time tropical aquariums were still very much about having the token display fish in your set-up — typically a pair of angels, Discus or gouramis — and these new fish fitted nicely into that display category, drawing your eye to them among the plants and shoals of smaller fish.

Years later I had a bit more money and the price of Parrots had come down to about £40 each. I bought one and kept it as pride of place in my hexagonal aquarium, complete with black gravel — another sign of the times!



My friends liked him, my family liked him and I loved him. I was convinced that this was easily the most intelligent fish that I had ever kept (Oscars included.) He was hardy too, surviving all my various errors and wipeouts, even outsurviving a Common plec.



Dental surgery
I woke up one morning, however, to find my beloved Parrot with a piece of the black gravel stuck in its mouth. It could still breathe, but definitely couldn’t dislodge the gravel on its own.

Going on what I had learned from my dad years previously, when the same happened to a family goldfish, I caught the fish, held it in the net and levered the gravel from its mouth with a matchstick.



Luckily it was fine, but I had found out that this was a hybrid fish, with its own set of problems, including a deformed mouth.

I got older, discovered girls, rehomed the Parrot at my local pet shop and shut down and sold the hexagonal tank. I didn’t keep Parrots again until I later worked in an aquatic shop.

By then I had become better educated about fishkeeping in general. The parrots were still stocked, these days selling at the cheaper price of £15 to £25 each.



The shop ordered some Parrot cichlids from Singapore, but instead of getting the usual apricot- coloured fish, we received something listed as "Purple Parrot, ART." What had arrived? About a dozen, deeply coloured purple- dyed Parrots!

The ART stood for artificially coloured, and through our complete naivety we had ordered dyed Parrot cichlids.

We took them off sale immediately, but a clued-up customer spotted them and wrote in, saying how disappointed he was that he had seen them in store.



Fading dye
I wrote back saying that I was equally disappointed to have received them, but did not believe that euthanasia would be right and instead offered them tlc and time, hoping the dye would eventually fade —which it did. I have been particularly twitchy about Parrots ever since.

In 2007 PFK visited the Aquarama aquatics show in Singapore. I’m sure most people are already aware, but Singapore is the largest exporter of tropical fish in the world, and most of the easily bred, community fish we keep have usually come from farms there.

Parrot cichlids are massive business out there. Together with another cichlid hybrid, the newer Flowerhorn cichlid, and the Asian arowana or dragonfish, which may also be a hybrid of several wild species, they make up the big three exports and were a major feature at the farms, the show and in their aquatic shops.





What are they?

We didn’t know what Parrot cichlids were at first, but many guessed that they were a cross between the Midas cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus) and the Golden severum (Heros efasciatus). More recently the Singaporean suppliers started to list them as such, Heros severus x Amphilophus citrinellus, so it appeared that the guesses were correct. The true H.severus by the way is a mouthbrooder, and the Singaporean severus are all almost certainly efasciatus.



The trouble is that the Singaporean fish breeding industry is very much about selling the next big thing, frequently at the expense of the fish themselves. Singapore brought you the Balloon molly, and the Parrot cichlid itself has a very much shorter, and some would say deformed body, than both the Midas cichlid and the severum.

A shorter-bodied fish means more people can house them in smaller tanks, which in turn means more sales.



The apricot-coloured Parrot quickly became the red Parrot, blood red Parrot and then the purple Parrot. There were even tattooed Parrots with messages and pictures scarred onto them. Even worse is the physical abuse and cruelty involved in cutting the tails off some live fish to create "heart Parrots."

Placed into everything from African cichlid tanks to arowana set-ups these are the clearly most abused of all tropical fish and treated with similar disrespect, by many, to goldfish.

Captive needs
One noticeable factor with Parrot cichlids these days is how large they can grow. Midas cichlids easily top 30cm/12", and Severums 20cm/8"+, and I’ve witnessed many rehomed Parrot cichlids, topping 20cm/8" in length.



Going by this, and working to our six times tank length recommendations, they will need an aquarium of at least 120cm/48” in length, long term, and powerful filtration combined with regular water changes to deal with all of their waste.

In terms of water parameters we must look at the parent’s requirements. The Midas cichlid is native to hard water and Central American lakes, so requires pH in the high 7-8. Temperature can range from low 20s°C to low 30s (72-90°C). Wild Severums are South American so we typically associate them with higher tropical temperatures and softer water, pH 5-7 and 24-30°C/75-86°F.

From this, and adding the factor that the Parrot cichlid is very much removed from wild fish, we can assume that a pH of 7-8 and a temperature of 24-28°C/75-82°F will be fine.





Feeding and friends
Parrots are easy to feed and will accept dry frozen and live foods. As they get larger a main diet of cichlid sticks or pellets will be fine.

As for tank mates, if Parrots grow up with them from small they are generally OK with such as rasboras, tetras and barbs, though add a shoal of small Neons to a tank of large Parrots and they will be eaten.



The standard mix with Parrot cichlids typically includes Angelfish, Silver dollars, Tinfoil barbs, Convicts, Severums, Jewel cichlids and hardy medium-sized catfish such as Doras and Synodontis.

Depending on where you shop, these are sometimes kept and sold alongside Malawi cichlids.

They tend to do OK even in these chaotic set-ups as the mbuna just think they are a large Red zebra — though I don’t advise that you take this route, as if the dominant mbuna does take offence, the Parrot — with its deformed mouth — does not have the dentition to fight back.

Breeding
One thing that often happens with Parrot cichlids is that they spawn. They are substrate spawners, like their ancestors, cleaning a rock or piece of wood on which to lay hundreds of adhesive eggs.



If the fry hatched they would protect them too, only they never do, and despite being one of the most likely cichlids to actually spawn, I have never seen or heard of the eggs hatching, instead going white due to being infertile.

And here’s a word of warning…Parrot cichlids will try to breed with almost any other substrate- spawning cichlid.



Midas and Severums would make sense, though I have seen them spawn with any number of other Central American cichlids, from Jaguars to Convicts, luckily with the eggs never hatching.

What may start off as an interesting chance spawning may become tiresome as your singular Parrot lays batch after batch of eggs that prove infertile.





Where we stand...
We actively campaign against the sale of dyed fish, as we know through our own research that the dye is injected into these fish or tattooed onto them. We therefore in no way condone the sale of dyed Parrot cichlids and don’t recommend that you keep them either. Heart Parrots are treated even worse, though we have not seen them for sale in the UK.



Hybrids cause us problems too (see below) when it comes to identifying fish.

So although they are cute, clever and generally good fish for the community, we would recommend that you try some other fish instead.



If you still want to buy Parrot cichlids avoid all but the apricot coloured ones, or rarely, the olive coloured ones, as these are not dyed for appearance. However, I can’t help but feel that the purchase of any Parrot cichlid is fueling the demand for more, including those that have been dyed, tattooed or tail-docked.

Why are hybrid fish such a problem?
Hybrids are found everywhere in the animal world and are especially common in the terrestrial plant world.



It could be argued that domestic Discus are probably hybrids of the three wild species, as are some forms of platy (crossed with swordtails) and lots of Malawi cichlids, like calico Aulonocara. If you knowingly buy hybrids and breed them, as long as the buyer knows what they are there may not be a problem.



Hybrids do, however, cause problems when you want to positively identify fish (like the very similar Vieja cichlids from Central America or Metriaclima cichlids from Lake Malawi) and when it becomes paramount to keep a species absolutely pure, as in conservation.



As any seasoned Malawi cichlid keeper will confirm, if left to hybridise the hybrid progeny becomes increasingly large, drab and similar, and if left for years a Malawi tank can change from a colourful, diverse mix of many different species to one, singular hybrid mass. Imagine that happening in the wild?



Hybrids may then, unknowingly, make their way back into the shops and have the fish buffs puzzling over them, misidentifying them and then unknowingly crossing them again. This creates a headache for the home collector and loss of the true species that we sought out and brought into the hobby in the first place.



Some argue that hybrids are sterile, as Parrot cichlids in particular seem only ever to produce infertile eggs. This doesn’t seem to be the case however with Discus if they are hybrids, livebearers, with most Central American species, or with most Malawi cichlids. So beware.



Hybrids are also known to have something called 'hybrid vigor' with a new injection of foreign blood making them larger, more aggressive potentially and more successful than either single parent species. This again could be catastrophic if hybrids are released into the wild.







What of the true Parrot cichlid?
There is another Parrot cichlid — not a hybrid, but a true species — called Hoplarchus psittacus from South America (pictured above).



This large, softwater fish is peaceful and until recently very rare in the hobby. It is becoming increasingly more available, however, and being tank bred it can be kept with other, large, peaceful South American cichlids like Uaru, Severums and Satanoperca.




Published: Jeremy Gay

i feel sorry for these danged fish with all the cr@p they go thru. Dipped in acid and dyed,tails cut,tattoed and a mouth that is hardly functional. Its just wrong for the fish to live.

I concur my good friend.

IMO I think there ugly!

I couldn't vote... I'd never buy a dyed fish... but I like the look of the ones that aren't dyed, also like their personalities. Funny, quirky and personable. So ugly they are cute. I know you won't hate me for saying this even though you don't approve.

Everyone has there own opinion. My view on a person does not change b/c a fish opinion.

This thread was made to be imformative and not to stir anything up.

I agree with shea. I've always thought blood parrots are that ugly kind of cute. I would never purchase dyed or tattooed fish, let alone purposely deformed fish. I personally disagree with a few points in this article: 1) I don't believe discus to be hybrids of a few fish from my research and talking to breeders the colorful discus we love are just very selectively bred to bring forward the colorful traits. 2) From research on blood parrots I have found that they are becoming more fertile asyears go on 3) If blood parrots were to be released to the wild they would most likely not survive long enough to pose any threat to any native population. Once again these are just my opinions and I still found the article very informative. Thanks for posting KMX!

Never owned one and don't like the look of them. I agree as well with the dye and the tattoos . Just wrong to do that kind of stuff. I seen some of the dyed ones at a lfs and they too were not selling them but had them.

as far discus are concerned im confident that they are all of one species and are differentiated as region sub species. given a few orders of magnitude on generations and they may become "separate species". but at this point im still convinced discus varieties are all a singular species from a biology/genetic viewpoint. IE hybrids do not have the capability to produce viable offspring in the wild; but we are talking about Aquariums and fish keepers with Mad Scientist/God complexes!!! and thats a whole can of worms i dont want to open.

plus i prefer pure genetic strains with selective breeding of desired mutations and traits. at least that way you know what your gna get as a true scientist, not a half arse wizard throwing random cr@p in a magic pot (parrot cichlids)

Taken from http://www.discusnews.com/article/cat-02/genetics-1.shtml

Quote:

at the National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences in using DNA "fingerprinting" to access genetic diversity among and between four wild forms of Discus (Heckel, Green, Brown and Blue) S. haraldi (Blue) and five cultivated forms (Turquoise, Pigeon, Ghost, Cobalt and Solid Red). Comparisons were made among the four wild forms and the five sample varieties of cultivated forms. The two groups – wild versus cultivated were then compared with each other. The test used in the comparisons showed the gene pool of the wild Discus forms to be broader than that of the cultivated varieties. The research suggests the Heckel Discus to be the most genetically divergent compared to the other three wild forms. The only two Discus forms to show statistically significant genetic clusters were the Heckel and the Wild Green. The research further suggested that the wild Green form (S. Aquafasciata) is a more likely genetic organ of the cultivated varieties. This research tends to support the widely held view of the importance of the wild form Green Discus in the development of many cultivated strains as reported in the aquarium literature. The most interesting finding in this research is no distinct genetic clustering of individuals from the same cultivated variety was observed. This would indicate there is no genetic basis for the present classification of Discus which is based upon their phenotype or appearance with regard to the cultivated varieties, i.e. solid, striated, spotted, Pigeon, etc. In regard to classifying cultivated forms, the only method continues to be the appearance or phenotype of the fish as opposed to its genetic background as suggested by some writers in the aquarium literature, as opposed to the scientific literature. Until more research is conducted there is no meaningful way to classify the different cultivated varieties beyond appearance because genetically, there is no scientific evidence of differences between the cultivated varieties studied. With more research the possibility exists that the cultivated varieties may some day be genetically classifiable. Should genetic identification of Discus advance, it is probable that a wider variety of colors can be produced more predictably. The Discus market commands premium prices for each new popular variety. The identification of Discus genetic traits will allow the market to continue to expand with a wider variety of colors and patterns than possible using the present "trial and error" selection of breeding stock.

Also a good website to look at the current classifications.

http://www.discusnada.org/discus/classification.html

WILD
Symphysodon heckel
Symphysodon aequifasciata axelrodi
Symphysodon aequifasciata haraldi
Symphysodon aequifasciata aequifasciata

Then the domesticated blends of those fish, through inbreeding, line breeding produced what most of us see today.

SO if you classify a hybrid as breeding different species together then yes, most domestic discus could be said to be hybrids. That being said and based off current research the cultivated species have almost formed their own genetic pool now.

thanks for the proper source cite. for the most part same species, with several sub specie varieties.

Thanks for posting that article Kory, I've always had my suspicions about them in my LFS, the vibrant colour in a small fish and yet drab in the larger more dominant, and the shape of the mouth always made me wonder if the LFS was sourcing from a bad breeder. Seems there are very few good breeders for these poor critters.
In many ways they remind me of the weirder goldfish.